El racismo sin caretas: las lecciones de ‘Matar a un ruiseñor’

"La obra maestra de Harper Lee describe lo que significa vivir en una sociedad basada en el racismo, comparecen añorar algunos partidos de ultraderecha El asesinato de una mujer durante un atraco en la plaza madrileña de Tirso de Molina y la revuelta en las banlieue francesas, después del homicidio de un menor en un control policial, han desatado una ola de declaraciones racistas en los partidos de la ultraderecha, entre ellos el español Vox, y en la prensa que jalea a estas formaciones políticas, que ocupan cada vez mayores espacios de poder en Europa y Estados Unidos. Lo extraño no es que los ultras sean racistas, es una de las bases de su ideología; lo que parece chocante es la forma abierta e indisimulada con la que se muestran esos sentimientos.

Se ha convertido en moneda corriente la teoría del Gran reemplazo, un repugnante bulo que mezcla el antisemitismo con el racismo, porque acusa, entre otros al financiero George Soros, un judío, de promover la llegada masiva de inmigrantes musulmanes para sustituir a los blancos cristianos, que según esta visión racista del mundo son la esencia de Europa.

Todo tiene sus límites, claro: el ministro de Economía de Finlandia, el ultraderechista Vilhelm Junnila, tuvo que dimitir tras diez días en el cargo por sus declaraciones racistas. Junnila había elogiado al Ku Klux Klan en sus redes sociales y había hecho guiños al número 88, en referencia a Heil Hitler. Eso era de sobra conocido cuando fue nombrado para ocupar uno de los puestos más importantes en cualquier Gobierno. No es una sorpresa el arraigo de la ultraderecha en los países del norte de Europa —antes de la matanza de Utoya, el nazismo oculto había sido tratado por los grandes autores de novela negra nórdicos como Jo Nesbo, Stieg Larsson o Henning Mankell—. Lo aterrador es que no se trata de movimientos subterráneos, sino de cosas que se dicen a plena luz del día.

Numerosas sociedades han basado —y algunas basan— su estructura en el racismo. El color de piel, la pertenencia a una casta o a una religión puede marcar para siempre la vida de una persona. Muchos de los discursos ultras que se escuchan cada vez con mayor insistencia parecen añorar aquellos tiempos. Una de las grandes obras literarias del siglo XX, Matar a un ruiseñor, con la que Harper Lee ganó el Premio Pulitzer en 1961, describe la vida en un pueblo de Alabama en los tiempos de la segregación racial contra los negros.

Es una novela sobre prejuicios raciales y sobre un hombre honesto, Atticus Finch, que decide enfrentarse a ellos defendiendo a un negro injustamente acusado de violación. Su valentía casi le cuesta la vida a su hija. En la biografía de Harper Lee, Mockingbird, Charles J. Shields relata el tipo de imágenes que marcaron la infancia de la escritora. “En 1931, cuando tenía cinco años, un centenar de miembros del Ku Klux Klan se reunieron en el parking de la escuela de Monroeville para hacer una demostración de fuerza”. También cuenta la historia de una compañera de universidad que, por error, se sentó en la parte del autobús reservada a los negros. “Todo el mundo me miró como si me fuesen a matar”, relató la amiga de Harper Lee.

Los que defienden el regreso a una sociedad basada en las razas y no en la libertad y la igualdad deberían preguntarse si quieren vivir en un lugar como el que describe Matar a un ruiseñor. En una de las frases más famosas de la novela, Atticus Finch le explica a su hija que “uno no comprende realmente a una persona hasta que se mete en su piel y camina dentro de ella”.

https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-07-06/el-racismo-sin-caretas-las-lecciones-de-matar-a-un-ruisenor.html

¿Qué está pasando ahí? Modelar el funcionamiento interno del cerebro.

What’s Going On in There? Modeling the Inner Workings of the Brain
Ver vídeo aquí.
Ver aquí en español.

By JENNIFER CUTRARO

A three-dimensional visualization, using yellow fluorescent protein labeling, of long-range connecting neurons in a clarified adult mouse brain. Go to related article and more videos »

Overview
What does current research tell us about the brain, and what does the future of brain research hold? In this lesson, students explore the frontiers of brain science. They learn about new techniques for studying the brain, familiarize themselves with President Obama’s brain research initiative, and build interactive models of the brain and its components.

Materials 
Computers with Internet access, projection equipment, craft supplies, including poster paper, markers, play dough, cotton balls, string and glue.

Warm-Up 
When students arrive, project the series of images of a clarified mouse brain at the front of the room, without explaining what the images show. For each visualization, have students jot the following in their notebooks.

Describe what you see.
Are these images related in any way? Why or why not?
What do you think you might be looking at?
How were these visualizations made?
Ask for volunteers to share their ideas. After a few students have offered their answers, explain to the class that the images represent different parts of a mouse brain that has been processed using a new technique that makes brain tissue transparent. Ask: Why might it be helpful for scientists to study a transparent brain?

You might then show an image of a normal mouse brain, so students can see that an intact brain is normally opaque, and then show them how a mouse brain processed using the new technique becomes clear. Ask: Why might it be helpful for scientists to study a transparent brain? (Note: Here you might choose to have students read the related article about this research in lieu of or in addition to the article we’ve chosen below.)

Finally, explain that students will now read about and model activity inside the brain, in a nod to Mr. Obama’s new initiative to map the human brain.

Related 
In the op-ed “What Our Brains Can Teach Us,” David Eagleman likens the brain to an alien landscape:

After President Obama’s recent announcement of a plan to invigorate the study of neuroscience with what could amount to a $3 billion investment, a reasonable taxpayer might ask: Why brain science? Why now?

Here’s why. Imagine you were an alien catching sight of the Earth. Your species knows nothing about humans, let alone how to interpret the interactions of seven billion people in complex social networks. With no acquaintance with the nuances of human language or behavior, it proves impossible to decipher the secret idiom of neighborhoods and governments, the interplay of local and global culture, or the intertwining economies of nations. It just looks like pandemonium, a meaningless Babel.

So it goes with the brain. We are the aliens in that landscape, and the brain is an even more complicated cipher.

Read the entire article with your class, using the questions below.

Questions
For discussion and reading comprehension:

What is a neuron? What is the “voltage spike” to which the author refers? How do neurons communicate?
What does the author mean when he writes, “Learning to better speak the language of the brain is our best hope for turning the chaos into order, for unmasking and addressing the hidden patterns behind disease”? What is “the language of the brain”?
How will a better understanding of how the brain works promote advances in technology, society and machinery? Explain.
After reading this op-ed, how would you now answer the questions: “Why brain science? Why now?” raised at the beginning of the article?
What questions do you have about brain science after reading this article?
Activity | Drawing inspiration from Mr. Eagleman’s article, students imagine themselves as alien visitors to the landscape of the brain and build interactive maps, models of the brain or components of it.

To begin, ask students to close their eyes and envision themselves as the author puts it, “aliens in the landscape of the brain.” While their eyes are closed, read the following passage aloud:

[The brain] is composed of 100 billion electrically active cells called neurons, each connected to many thousands of its neighbors. Each neuron relays information in the form of miniature voltage spikes, which are then converted into chemical signals that bridge the gap to other neurons. Most neurons send these signals many times per second; if each signaling event were to make a sound as loud as a pin dropping, the cacophony from a single human head would blow out all the windows. The complexity of such a system bankrupts our language; observing the brain with our current technologies, we mostly detect an enigmatic uproar.

With their eyes still closed, ask students to visualize some of the things the author describes. What do they think a neuron looks like? What does it look like when a “neuron relays information in the form of miniature voltage spikes”? What does a brain look like? How would the brain look if you could see the thousands of connections between billions of cells? Have students make sketches on poster paper to show what they visualized.

Next, have students use their sketches as a starting point for developing paper or 3-D models of the brain and its neurons. Provide students with a wide variety of craft materials, like paper, play dough, pipe cleaners, glue, scissors, string and cotton balls.

To start, have students sketch a brain model on poster paper, identifying the main regions of the brain and the function of each. If students wish, they may instead build and label a model of the brain.

From there, have students make the connection that the brain is composed of neurons that interact in neural networks. Students might, for example, build a model of a neuron that explains how their structure relates to their firing. Or they might devise a way to call out a section of the brain, highlighting the interconnections of neurons.

To extend the activity, students could also explore the role of neurons in forming memories, building additional models to show the role of neurotransmitters in forming short-term memories, and proteins called kinases in long-term memories. Students also could show how the brain and nervous system interact with other body systems.

Students also may use models to show how neurons in the brain affect movement, speaking and sensory perception.

When students have finished building their models, allow time for them to share with the class. Ask students to first show their sketches representative of the brain’s landscape, as seen through the eyes of an alien visitor. Then ask how their model or models help to make sense of this landscape.

Going Further

Students pair up and take on the role of presidential speechwriters, preparing a script for the president to deliver to the nation, as he tries to marshal support for his initiative to map activity within the human brain.

The speech should outline several key components:

A statement of the problem. Why does the president believe it is important to advance our understanding of the brain?
What advances does the new brain initiative promise?
The technologies scientists are using to better understand the brain today and how they might apply those technologies in the future.
A persuasive argument that will rally supporters. Argumentative writing is one of the skills emphasized by the Common Core Standards. How might you get listeners excited about this initiative? What case will you make for why it is needed? This Learning Network post can help you understand how arguments are constructed.
Common Core ELA Anchor Standards, 6-12:

Reading
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.

Speaking and Listening
1. Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
3. Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.
4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
5. Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.

Language
1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

McREL Standards

Life Sciences
5. Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms.
11. Understands the nature of scientific knowledge.
6. Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment.
7.Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life.


Nature of Science
11.Understands the nature of scientific knowledge
12.Understands the nature of scientific inquiry
13.Understands the scientific enterprise
Fuente: The NYT.