El bilingüismo puro es relativamente raro y excepcional, y por “puro”, me refiero a hablar dos lenguas con el dominio de un hablante nativo, algo con lo que la mayoría de nosotros solo soñamos mientras nos esforzamos por aprender otros idiomas en la escuela y en la vida.
Los pasos en el camino al bilingüismo pueden ayudar al niño con el lenguaje en general. Además, una exposición temprana a otro idioma puede otorgar ciertas ventajas, especialmente en términos de facilidad para producir los sonidos de esa lengua.
Sin embargo, los padres no deben asumir que la habilidad natural de los niños pequeños para el lenguaje los llevará a desarrollar verdaderas habilidades lingüísticas sin grandes esfuerzos de por medio. “Para todos los que están tratando de criar a un hijo bilingüe, sin importar sus razones u origen, es muy importante darse cuenta de que adquirir una lengua requiere estar muy expuesto a ella”, dijo Erika Hoff, psicóloga del desarrollo que es profesora de la Universidad Atlántica de Florida y autora principal de un artículo publicado en 2015 que hace una revisión sobre el desarrollo bilingüe.
Los pediatras les aconsejan rutinariamente a los padres que les hablen a sus hijos lo más que puedan, que les lean y les canten. Parte del asunto es aumentar su exposición al idioma: una gran preocupación incluso en el caso de los niños que crecen con una sola lengua. Para poder apoyar el desarrollo del lenguaje, la exposición debe ser de persona a persona; el tiempo de pantalla no cuenta para que un niño pequeño aprenda una lengua –incluso su lengua materna— aunque los niños puedan aprender contenido y vocabulario a través de programas educativos más tarde. “Para el desarrollo bilingüe, el niño necesita exposición a ambas lenguas”, dijo el Dr. Hoff, “y eso es muy difícil en un ambiente monolingüe”.
Los pediatras también aconsejan a los padres que no hablan inglés que, si sus hijos están aprendiendo ese idioma, entonces también les lean en voz alta, les canten, les cuenten historias y les hablen en su lengua materna. Así los niños obtienen esa exposición a la lengua, junto con contenido complejo e información, en lugar de la exposición más limitada que se obtiene de una persona que habla una lengua en la que no se siente totalmente cómodo.
Los padres elaboran todo tipo de estrategias para tratar de promover este tipo de exposición. Algunas familias deciden que cada padre le hablará en una lengua distinta al niño. Sin embargo, este será capaz de discernir entre las dos lenguas incluso si ambos padres hablan las dos, dijo la Dra. Hoff. “No hay investigaciones que sugieran que el niño necesite tener las dos lenguas separadas por hablante para no confundirse”. Por otro lado, esa regla puede servir para asegurarse de que la lengua distinta al idioma materno sí se use.
“Un niño que está aprendiendo dos idiomas tendrá un vocabulario más limitado en cada uno de ellos que un niño que solo está aprendiendo uno; solo tenemos una cantidad finita de horas al día”.
ERIKA HOFF, PSICÓLOGA DEL DESARROLLO
Si el niño crece con un cuidador que habla una lengua extranjera –quizá una niñera china o francesa—, podría tener algunos beneficios en el futuro si quiere estudiar ese idioma. No obstante, si el niño crece hablando una segunda lengua –digamos coreano— con sus primos y abuelos, asiste a una escuela sabatina que enfatice la lengua y la cultura, donde escuche música e incluso lea libros en ese idioma y después visita un país o zona donde se hable, desarrollará una facilidad mucho mayor para la lengua en cuestión.
Toma más tiempo adquirir dos lenguas que solo una, dijo la Dra. Hoff, y eso también depende de la exposición.
“Un niño que está aprendiendo dos idiomas tendrá un vocabulario más limitado en cada uno de ellos que un niño que solo está aprendiendo uno; solo tenemos una cantidad finita de horas al día; o escuchas inglés o escuchas español”, dijo la Dra. Hoff. De todos modos, los niños lo lograrán. Tal vez mezclen las dos lenguas, pero eso no significa que estén confundidos.
“Los adultos bilingües mezclan los dos idiomas que hablan todo el tiempo; es una señal de habilidad lingüística”, confirmó.
La Dra. Hoff trabaja al sur de Florida, donde hay una población muy educada y acaudalada que está criando niños en español y en inglés. “Los niños comienzan como bebés bilingües; sin embargo, conforme van creciendo, el inglés se sobrepone al español”, dijo. “Los que se vuelven casos exitosos de adultos bilingües de todas maneras son mucho mejores en inglés que en español; no fueron a la escuela en español ni leen en español, y cuando se evalúa la amplitud de su vocabulario, su comprensión gramatical o la coherencia de la narrativa que producen, resulta que no son tan competentes en español como en inglés”.
Gigliana Melzi, psicóloga del desarrollo y profesora adjunta de Psicología Aplicada en la Universidad de Nueva York que estudia el lenguaje de las familias latinas en las que se habla tanto inglés como español, estuvo de acuerdo. “Los padres necesitan ser conscientes de que deben introducir al niño a la lectura en esa lengua”, dijo. “Necesitan considerar de qué manera van a alentar al niño a conservar esa lengua”.
También es importante, dijo, observar a cada niño y asegurarse de no abrumarlo con exigencias basadas en las expectativas y ambiciones de los padres; quizá tres lenguas además de un instrumento musical y un deporte de alto rendimiento sea demasiado.
“Los padres necesitan ser conscientes de que deben introducir al niño a la lectura en esa lengua. Necesitan considerar de qué manera van a alentar al niño a conservar esa lengua”.
GIGLIANA MELZI, PSICÓLOGA DEL DESARROLLO
Los idiomas que aprendes en la infancia son importantes, pero también lo son los que aprendes a lo largo de la vida.
“Todos conocemos gente que hace grandes aportaciones y descubrimientos científicos importantes en inglés a pesar de no ser hablantes nativos”, dijo la Dra. Hoff. “El cerebro humano es increíble y la capacidad humana de adquirir el lenguaje es admirable”.
Entonces, ¿qué deben hacer los padres si quieren darles a sus hijos un empujón bilingüe? “Busca a un hablante nativo para que platique de cosas interesantes y divertidas con tu hijo; de esa manera, tu hijo aprenderá algo”, dijo la Dra. Hoff. “No creas que esto convertirá a tu hijo en una persona perfectamente bilingüe, pero está bien”. Lo que sea que hagas le dará una ventaja.
La Dra. Melzi dijo que suele pasar que un niño que hablaba con fluidez dos lenguas durante preescolar luego se cambia a una escuela donde se habla solo uno, por ejemplo inglés, y comienza a usar este idioma para describir todo lo que le sucede ahí.
“Hay un impulso mundial que convierte al inglés en una especie de lengua franca, así que es importante que se exponga al niño al otro idioma lo más pronto posible y mientras más pequeño empiece, más similar a un hablante nativo sonará en el futuro”, dijo. Por otro lado, los niños más grandes pueden aprender más fácilmente: “Si comienzas a una edad muy temprana, llevarás ventaja”, dijo. “Pero mientras más grande seas, más eficiente serás como estudiante, pues ya cuentas con una primera lengua que puedes usar como trampolín”.
Así que el bilingüismo “puro” puede ser raro, pero los padres no deben desalentarse por esto, ya que todas las habilidades que los niños adquieren a lo largo del camino son muy valiosas, afirmó la Dra. Melzi. “Vale la pena, pero requiere mucho trabajo”.
https://www.nytimes.com/es/2017/07/12/hijo-bilingue-crianza/
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta cerebro y educación. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta cerebro y educación. Mostrar todas las entradas
sábado, 30 de junio de 2018
viernes, 14 de junio de 2013
¿Qué está pasando ahí? Modelar el funcionamiento interno del cerebro.
What’s Going On in There? Modeling the Inner Workings of the Brain
Ver vídeo aquí.
Ver aquí en español.
By JENNIFER CUTRARO
A three-dimensional visualization, using yellow fluorescent protein labeling, of long-range connecting neurons in a clarified adult mouse brain. Go to related article and more videos »
Overview
What does current research tell us about the brain, and what does the future of brain research hold? In this lesson, students explore the frontiers of brain science. They learn about new techniques for studying the brain, familiarize themselves with President Obama’s brain research initiative, and build interactive models of the brain and its components.
Materials
Computers with Internet access, projection equipment, craft supplies, including poster paper, markers, play dough, cotton balls, string and glue.
Warm-Up
When students arrive, project the series of images of a clarified mouse brain at the front of the room, without explaining what the images show. For each visualization, have students jot the following in their notebooks.
Describe what you see.
Are these images related in any way? Why or why not?
What do you think you might be looking at?
How were these visualizations made?
Ask for volunteers to share their ideas. After a few students have offered their answers, explain to the class that the images represent different parts of a mouse brain that has been processed using a new technique that makes brain tissue transparent. Ask: Why might it be helpful for scientists to study a transparent brain?
You might then show an image of a normal mouse brain, so students can see that an intact brain is normally opaque, and then show them how a mouse brain processed using the new technique becomes clear. Ask: Why might it be helpful for scientists to study a transparent brain? (Note: Here you might choose to have students read the related article about this research in lieu of or in addition to the article we’ve chosen below.)
Finally, explain that students will now read about and model activity inside the brain, in a nod to Mr. Obama’s new initiative to map the human brain.
Related
In the op-ed “What Our Brains Can Teach Us,” David Eagleman likens the brain to an alien landscape:
After President Obama’s recent announcement of a plan to invigorate the study of neuroscience with what could amount to a $3 billion investment, a reasonable taxpayer might ask: Why brain science? Why now?
Here’s why. Imagine you were an alien catching sight of the Earth. Your species knows nothing about humans, let alone how to interpret the interactions of seven billion people in complex social networks. With no acquaintance with the nuances of human language or behavior, it proves impossible to decipher the secret idiom of neighborhoods and governments, the interplay of local and global culture, or the intertwining economies of nations. It just looks like pandemonium, a meaningless Babel.
So it goes with the brain. We are the aliens in that landscape, and the brain is an even more complicated cipher.
Read the entire article with your class, using the questions below.
Questions
For discussion and reading comprehension:
What is a neuron? What is the “voltage spike” to which the author refers? How do neurons communicate?
What does the author mean when he writes, “Learning to better speak the language of the brain is our best hope for turning the chaos into order, for unmasking and addressing the hidden patterns behind disease”? What is “the language of the brain”?
How will a better understanding of how the brain works promote advances in technology, society and machinery? Explain.
After reading this op-ed, how would you now answer the questions: “Why brain science? Why now?” raised at the beginning of the article?
What questions do you have about brain science after reading this article?
Activity | Drawing inspiration from Mr. Eagleman’s article, students imagine themselves as alien visitors to the landscape of the brain and build interactive maps, models of the brain or components of it.
To begin, ask students to close their eyes and envision themselves as the author puts it, “aliens in the landscape of the brain.” While their eyes are closed, read the following passage aloud:
[The brain] is composed of 100 billion electrically active cells called neurons, each connected to many thousands of its neighbors. Each neuron relays information in the form of miniature voltage spikes, which are then converted into chemical signals that bridge the gap to other neurons. Most neurons send these signals many times per second; if each signaling event were to make a sound as loud as a pin dropping, the cacophony from a single human head would blow out all the windows. The complexity of such a system bankrupts our language; observing the brain with our current technologies, we mostly detect an enigmatic uproar.
With their eyes still closed, ask students to visualize some of the things the author describes. What do they think a neuron looks like? What does it look like when a “neuron relays information in the form of miniature voltage spikes”? What does a brain look like? How would the brain look if you could see the thousands of connections between billions of cells? Have students make sketches on poster paper to show what they visualized.
Next, have students use their sketches as a starting point for developing paper or 3-D models of the brain and its neurons. Provide students with a wide variety of craft materials, like paper, play dough, pipe cleaners, glue, scissors, string and cotton balls.
To start, have students sketch a brain model on poster paper, identifying the main regions of the brain and the function of each. If students wish, they may instead build and label a model of the brain.
From there, have students make the connection that the brain is composed of neurons that interact in neural networks. Students might, for example, build a model of a neuron that explains how their structure relates to their firing. Or they might devise a way to call out a section of the brain, highlighting the interconnections of neurons.
To extend the activity, students could also explore the role of neurons in forming memories, building additional models to show the role of neurotransmitters in forming short-term memories, and proteins called kinases in long-term memories. Students also could show how the brain and nervous system interact with other body systems.
Students also may use models to show how neurons in the brain affect movement, speaking and sensory perception.
When students have finished building their models, allow time for them to share with the class. Ask students to first show their sketches representative of the brain’s landscape, as seen through the eyes of an alien visitor. Then ask how their model or models help to make sense of this landscape.
Going Further
Students pair up and take on the role of presidential speechwriters, preparing a script for the president to deliver to the nation, as he tries to marshal support for his initiative to map activity within the human brain.
The speech should outline several key components:
A statement of the problem. Why does the president believe it is important to advance our understanding of the brain?
What advances does the new brain initiative promise?
The technologies scientists are using to better understand the brain today and how they might apply those technologies in the future.
A persuasive argument that will rally supporters. Argumentative writing is one of the skills emphasized by the Common Core Standards. How might you get listeners excited about this initiative? What case will you make for why it is needed? This Learning Network post can help you understand how arguments are constructed.
Common Core ELA Anchor Standards, 6-12:
Reading
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
Speaking and Listening
1. Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
3. Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.
4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
5. Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.
Language
1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
McREL Standards
Life Sciences
5. Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms.
11. Understands the nature of scientific knowledge.
6. Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment.
7.Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life.
Nature of Science
11.Understands the nature of scientific knowledge
12.Understands the nature of scientific inquiry
13.Understands the scientific enterprise
Fuente: The NYT.
Ver vídeo aquí.
Ver aquí en español.
By JENNIFER CUTRARO
A three-dimensional visualization, using yellow fluorescent protein labeling, of long-range connecting neurons in a clarified adult mouse brain. Go to related article and more videos »
Overview
What does current research tell us about the brain, and what does the future of brain research hold? In this lesson, students explore the frontiers of brain science. They learn about new techniques for studying the brain, familiarize themselves with President Obama’s brain research initiative, and build interactive models of the brain and its components.
Materials
Computers with Internet access, projection equipment, craft supplies, including poster paper, markers, play dough, cotton balls, string and glue.
Warm-Up
When students arrive, project the series of images of a clarified mouse brain at the front of the room, without explaining what the images show. For each visualization, have students jot the following in their notebooks.
Describe what you see.
Are these images related in any way? Why or why not?
What do you think you might be looking at?
How were these visualizations made?
Ask for volunteers to share their ideas. After a few students have offered their answers, explain to the class that the images represent different parts of a mouse brain that has been processed using a new technique that makes brain tissue transparent. Ask: Why might it be helpful for scientists to study a transparent brain?
You might then show an image of a normal mouse brain, so students can see that an intact brain is normally opaque, and then show them how a mouse brain processed using the new technique becomes clear. Ask: Why might it be helpful for scientists to study a transparent brain? (Note: Here you might choose to have students read the related article about this research in lieu of or in addition to the article we’ve chosen below.)
Finally, explain that students will now read about and model activity inside the brain, in a nod to Mr. Obama’s new initiative to map the human brain.
Related
In the op-ed “What Our Brains Can Teach Us,” David Eagleman likens the brain to an alien landscape:
After President Obama’s recent announcement of a plan to invigorate the study of neuroscience with what could amount to a $3 billion investment, a reasonable taxpayer might ask: Why brain science? Why now?
Here’s why. Imagine you were an alien catching sight of the Earth. Your species knows nothing about humans, let alone how to interpret the interactions of seven billion people in complex social networks. With no acquaintance with the nuances of human language or behavior, it proves impossible to decipher the secret idiom of neighborhoods and governments, the interplay of local and global culture, or the intertwining economies of nations. It just looks like pandemonium, a meaningless Babel.
So it goes with the brain. We are the aliens in that landscape, and the brain is an even more complicated cipher.
Read the entire article with your class, using the questions below.
Questions
For discussion and reading comprehension:
What is a neuron? What is the “voltage spike” to which the author refers? How do neurons communicate?
What does the author mean when he writes, “Learning to better speak the language of the brain is our best hope for turning the chaos into order, for unmasking and addressing the hidden patterns behind disease”? What is “the language of the brain”?
How will a better understanding of how the brain works promote advances in technology, society and machinery? Explain.
After reading this op-ed, how would you now answer the questions: “Why brain science? Why now?” raised at the beginning of the article?
What questions do you have about brain science after reading this article?
Activity | Drawing inspiration from Mr. Eagleman’s article, students imagine themselves as alien visitors to the landscape of the brain and build interactive maps, models of the brain or components of it.
To begin, ask students to close their eyes and envision themselves as the author puts it, “aliens in the landscape of the brain.” While their eyes are closed, read the following passage aloud:
[The brain] is composed of 100 billion electrically active cells called neurons, each connected to many thousands of its neighbors. Each neuron relays information in the form of miniature voltage spikes, which are then converted into chemical signals that bridge the gap to other neurons. Most neurons send these signals many times per second; if each signaling event were to make a sound as loud as a pin dropping, the cacophony from a single human head would blow out all the windows. The complexity of such a system bankrupts our language; observing the brain with our current technologies, we mostly detect an enigmatic uproar.
With their eyes still closed, ask students to visualize some of the things the author describes. What do they think a neuron looks like? What does it look like when a “neuron relays information in the form of miniature voltage spikes”? What does a brain look like? How would the brain look if you could see the thousands of connections between billions of cells? Have students make sketches on poster paper to show what they visualized.
Next, have students use their sketches as a starting point for developing paper or 3-D models of the brain and its neurons. Provide students with a wide variety of craft materials, like paper, play dough, pipe cleaners, glue, scissors, string and cotton balls.
To start, have students sketch a brain model on poster paper, identifying the main regions of the brain and the function of each. If students wish, they may instead build and label a model of the brain.
From there, have students make the connection that the brain is composed of neurons that interact in neural networks. Students might, for example, build a model of a neuron that explains how their structure relates to their firing. Or they might devise a way to call out a section of the brain, highlighting the interconnections of neurons.
To extend the activity, students could also explore the role of neurons in forming memories, building additional models to show the role of neurotransmitters in forming short-term memories, and proteins called kinases in long-term memories. Students also could show how the brain and nervous system interact with other body systems.
Students also may use models to show how neurons in the brain affect movement, speaking and sensory perception.
When students have finished building their models, allow time for them to share with the class. Ask students to first show their sketches representative of the brain’s landscape, as seen through the eyes of an alien visitor. Then ask how their model or models help to make sense of this landscape.
Going Further
Students pair up and take on the role of presidential speechwriters, preparing a script for the president to deliver to the nation, as he tries to marshal support for his initiative to map activity within the human brain.
The speech should outline several key components:
A statement of the problem. Why does the president believe it is important to advance our understanding of the brain?
What advances does the new brain initiative promise?
The technologies scientists are using to better understand the brain today and how they might apply those technologies in the future.
A persuasive argument that will rally supporters. Argumentative writing is one of the skills emphasized by the Common Core Standards. How might you get listeners excited about this initiative? What case will you make for why it is needed? This Learning Network post can help you understand how arguments are constructed.
Common Core ELA Anchor Standards, 6-12:
Reading
1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text.
2. Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development; summarize the key supporting details and ideas.
Speaking and Listening
1. Prepare for and participate effectively in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
2. Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.
3. Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric.
4. Present information, findings, and supporting evidence such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
5. Make strategic use of digital media and visual displays of data to express information and enhance understanding of presentations.
Language
1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
McREL Standards
Life Sciences
5. Understands the structure and function of cells and organisms.
11. Understands the nature of scientific knowledge.
6. Understands relationships among organisms and their physical environment.
7.Understands biological evolution and the diversity of life.
Nature of Science
11.Understands the nature of scientific knowledge
12.Understands the nature of scientific inquiry
13.Understands the scientific enterprise
Fuente: The NYT.
lunes, 11 de marzo de 2013
La importancia de las emociones en el proceso educativo
Leer más sobre Neurociencias, en la revista de diciembre de 2012 del Concejo Escolar del Estado, Participación Educativa, dedicada a "La investigación sobre el cerebro y la mejora de la educación". Descargarla aquí.
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